SVO

At the beginning is the SUBJECT, than the VERB and than  the OBJECT (SVO).

The second rule is place in front of the time.

  • Eg: Adam saw a dog in front of the church, yesterday.
  • but the time can be stand in the front of the sentence or at the end of the sentence Yesterday, Adam saw a dog in front of the church.
  • QUESTIONS
  • The questions have to build with do/does/did.
  • Eg: Do you saw a dog in front of the church, yesterday?
  • If you can take a questionword like how?what?who?where?… you have to put it in front of the senence.
  • Eg: Where did you see the dog, yesterday?

Made by Melanie and Johanna :D

adjectives and adverbs

Star-Wars themed

 star-wars-ea_games

The Star-Wars fighters are dangerous. (gefährlich) ->adjective

They are fighting dangerously. ->adverb

The difference between an adverb and an adjective is pretty easy and we bet you already noticed it while reading the example senteces above. But when to use which form?

Adjective: As you already know, an adjective describes the thing or the person (marked orange) in the sentence that is doing something. (For example: The Star-Wars fighters are dangerous.<-The adjective `dangerous` is describing the Star-Wars fighters.

 

Adverb: On the other hand, an adverb describes the action (how the person or the thing is doing) in the sentence (marked orange). (They are fighting dangerously.) You built it with whichever adjective you like, and add `ly`as an ending. But unfortunately there are some irregular forms of adverbs…

1. some adjectives, like `hard` don´t need the `ly`to become an adverb. (adjective: John is a very fast runner. Adverb: John runs fast.)

2. If the adjective has an `y`at the end, like happy, the `y` turns into an ‘i`and the `ly`is added normally to the adjective: (happy -> happi -> happily)

3. good -> well – In some cases the adverb of the verb is something totally different.

Exercise: Choose the adjective or the adverb in the following sentences.

1. Yoda always stands really (calm/calmly), except when he is fighting.

2.  Princess Leia is (beautiful/beautifully).

3. The (amazing/amazingly) Starwars series is loved by many fans all over the world.

 

Answers: (read from the right to the left)

1. ylmlac

2.lufituaeb

3. gnizama

Articles

In the English language, the definite article is the” (der, die, das) and the indefinite articles are a oran” (ein, eine).

Use:

The article “the” is used for stuff or other nouns which you know. You only can use the indefinite article “a“, when the word after the indefinite artcle begins with a consonant for example b. The indefinite article “ancan only be used, if the noun or adjective after the article begins with a vowel for example a or it sounds like a vowel. The indefinite article can be used for stuff or nouns which you don’t know how it looks like. You can’t use the article for names for example “God”. Weiterlesen

Gerund

You form the gerund with the infinitive form of the verb and -ing at the end of the verb.

Examble:Going to parties is fun. I enjoy reading.

The verb with the gerund form stands after prepositions.

Example:

afraid of They are afraid of losing the match. Sie haben Angst, das Spiel zu verlieren.
angry about/at Pat is angry about walking in the rain. Pat ärgert sich über das Spazierengehen im Regen.
bad at
good at
John is good at working in the garden. John kann die Gartenarbeit gut.
clever at He is clever at skateboarding. Er ist geschickt im Skateboardfahren.
crazy about The girl is crazy about playing tennis. Das Mädchen ist verrückt nach Tennisspielen.
disappointed about/at He is disappointed about seeing such a bad report. Er ist enttäuscht, einen solch schlechten Bericht zu sehen.
excited about We are excited about making our own film. Wir sind begeistert, einen eigenen Film zu machen.
famous for Sandy is famous for singing songs. Sandy ist für das Singen von Liedern berühmt.
fed up with I’m fed up with being treated as a child. Ich habe es satt, wie ein Kind behandelt zu werden.
fond of Hannah is fond of going to parties. Hannah mag gern auf Partys gehen.
glad about She is glad about getting married again. Sie freut sich, wieder zu heiraten.
happy about/at The children are not happy about seeing a doctor. Die Kinder freuen sich nicht, zum Arzt zu gehen.
interested in Are you interested in writing poems? Bist du am Gedichteschreiben interessiert?
keen on Joe is keen on drawing. Joe malt leidenschaftlich gern.
proud of She is proud of riding a snowboard. Sie ist stolz darauf, ein Snowboard zu fahren.
sick of We’re sick of sitting around like this. Wir haben es satt, ähnlich wie jetzt herumzusitzen.
sorry about/for He’ sorry for seating in the lesson. Er bedauert es, in der Stunde gegessen zu haben.
tired of I’m tired of waiting for you. Ich habe es satt, auf dich zu warten.
used to She is used to smoking. Sie ist ans Rauchen gewöhnt.
worried about I’m worried about making mistakes. Ich sorge mich, Fehler zu machen.

After some special verbs stands only the verb with the gerund form.

Special verbs: admit, avoid, carry on, consider, delay, deny, dislike, can’t help, enjoy, finish, give up, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep (on), mention, mind, miss, practise, regret, risk and suggest.

Example:

admit He admitted having driven too fast. Er gab zu, zu schnell gefahren zu sein.
avoid Theyavoid going on holiday on Saturdays. Sie vermeiden, an Samtagen in den Urlaub zu fahren.
carry on If we carry on sleeping so badly, we may need help. Wenn wir weiter so schlecht schlafen, werden wir Hilfe brauchen.
consider Ralph is considering buying a new house. Ralph denkt darüber nach, ein neues Haus zu kaufen.
delay I delayed telling Max the news. Ich verschob es, Max die Neuigkeiten zu erzählen.
deny She denies reading the book. Sie lehnt es ab, das Buch zu lesen.
dislike We dislike reading poems. Wir mögen das Lesen von Gedichten nicht.
Wir mögen es nicht, Gedichte zu lesen.
can’t help He couldn’t help falling in love with her. Er konnte nicht anders, als sich in sie zu verlieben.
enjoy I enjoy playing chess. Ich genieße es, Schach zu spielen.
finish They finished working in the garden. Sie haben aufgehört, im Garten zu arbeiten.
give up Susan gives up playing ice-hockey. Susan gibt das Eishockeyspielen auf.
imagine He imagined driving a new car. Er stellte sich vor, ein neues Auto zu fahren.
include Your responsibility includes taking reservations on the phone. Deine Aufgabe beinhaltet, Reservierungen am Telefon entgegen zu nehmen.
involve The project will involve growing plants. Das Projekt wird auch Pflanzenanbau betreffen.
justify I cannot justify paying $100 for this ticket. Ich kann es nicht rechtfertigen, 100 Dollar für die Eintrittskarte zu bezahlen.
keep (on) They keep on running. Sie rennen/laufen weiter.
mention Did Alex ever mention playing baseball? Hat Alex schon erwähnt, dass er Baseball spielt?
mind I don’t mind sleeping on the couch. Ich habe nichts dagegen, auf der Couch zu schlafen.
miss They miss playing with their friends. Sie vermissen es, mit ihren Freunden zu spielen.
practise She practised playing hockey. Sie trainierte das Hockeyspielen.
regret Do you regret having mentioned it? Bedauerst du, das erwähnt zu haben?
risk You risk catching a cold. Du riskierst, dich zu erkälten.
suggest She suggested flying to Cairo. Sie schlug vor, nach Kairo zu fliegen.

 

After some expressions stands only the verb with the gerund form.

Special expressions:to be busy, couldn’t help, don’t mind, feel like, how about, it’s (no) good, it’s no use, spend one’s time, there’s no, there’s no point, what about and worth.

Example:

to be busy He is busy reading the paper. Er ist gerade dabei, die Zeitung zu lesen.
couldn’t help She couldn’t help eating another apple. Sie musste einfach noch einen Apfel essen.
don’t mind I don’t mind telling them my opinion. Es macht mir nichts aus, ihnen meine Meinung zu sagen.
feel like We feel like having a cup of tea. Uns ist nach einer Tasse Tee.
how about How about walking home instead of taking the car? Wie wäre es mit Heimlaufen, statt mit dem Auto zu fahren?
it’s (no) good It’s no good talking to this girl. Es hat keinen Zweck, mit dem Mädchen zu reden.
it’s no use It’s no use talking to the headmaster. Es hat keinen Sinn, mit dem Schulleiter zu sprechen.
spend one’s time They spend their time reading. Sie verbringen ihre Zeit mit Lesen.
there’s no There’s no cheating anymore. Es gibt kein Mogeln mehr.
there’s no point There’s no point in complaining further. Es ist zwecklos, sich weiter zu beschweren.
what about What about going to the zoo? Wie wäre es mit einem Zoobesuch?
worth The book is worth reading. Es lohnt sich, das Buch zu lesen.

 

 

Nouns

What is a noun?

A noun is a word that you only use for naming  people, places, things, animals! It functions as a subject, object of a preposition. 

Plural vs. Singular

Plural forms of a noun have usually an -s at the end of the word. But there is another irregular form that hasn´t got the -s at the end.

Ex:

Singular Plural
fish fish
tooth teeth
man men
woman women

Tenses

Simple Present/Präsens
einfache Gegenwart
P: He speaks.
N: He does not speak.
F: Does he speak?
  • einmalige/wiederholte Handlung in Gegenwart
  • allgemeine Gültigkeit
  • aufeinander folgende Handlungen
  • festgelegte Handlungen in der Zukunft (Fahrplan)
always, every …, never, normally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually
If-Satz Typ I (If I talk, …)
Present Progressive/Verlaufsform des Präsens
Verlaufsform der Gegenwart
P: He is speaking.
N: He is not speaking.
F: Is he speaking?
  • im Ablauf befindliche Handlung
  • auf bestimmten Zeitraum begrenzte Handlung
  • bereits abgesprochene Handlung in der Zukunft
at the moment, just, just now, Listen!, Look!, now, right now
Simple Past/Präteritum
einfache Vergangenheit
P: He spoke.
N: He did not speak.
F: Did he speak?
  • einmalige/wiederholte Handlung in Vergangenheit
  • aufeinander folgende Handlungen in Vergangenheit
  • neue eintretende Handlung, die eine im Ablauf befindliche Handlung unterbricht
yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday
If-Satz Typ II (If I talked, …)
Past Progressive/Verlaufsform des Präteritum
Verlaufsform der Vergangenheit
P: He was speaking.
N: He was not speaking.
F: Was he speaking?
  • in Vergangenheit im Ablauf befindliche Handlung
  • gleichzeitig ablaufende Handlungen
  • im Ablauf befindliche Handlung, die durch eine neue Handlung unterbrochen wird
when, while, as long as
Present Perfect Simple/Perfekt
vollendete Gegenwart
P: He has spoken.
N: He has not spoken.
F: Has he spoken?
  • das Ergebnis wird betont
  • bis in Gegenwart dauernde Handlung
  • eben abgeschlossene Handlung
  • abgeschl. Handlung mit Einfluss auf die Gegenwart
  • bis zum Zeitpunkt des Sprechens nie, 1x oder mehrmals stattgefundene Handlung
already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now
Present Perfect Progressive/Verlaufsform des Perfekt
Verlaufsform der vollendeten Gegenwart
P: He has been speaking.
N: He has not been speaking.
F: Has he been speaking?
  • die Handlung wird betont (nicht das Ergebnis)
  • bis in die Gegenwart andauernde Handlung
  • abgeschlossene Handlung, die Einfluss auf die Gegenwart hat
all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week
Past Perfect Simple/Plusquamperfect
Vorvergangenheit
P: He had spoken.
N: He had not spoken.
F: Had he spoken?
  • Handlung vor einem Zeitpunkt der Vergangenheit
  • manchmal mit Past Perfect Progr. austauschbar
  • betont nur die Tatsache, dass etwas vor einem Zeitpunkt in der Vergangenheit stattfand
already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day
If-Satz Typ III (If I had talked, …)
Past Perfect Progressive/Verlaufsform des Plusquamperfect
Verlaufsform der Vorvergangenheit
P: He had been speaking.
N: He had not been speaking.
F: Had he been speaking?
  • Handlung vor einem Zeitpunkt der Vergangenheit
  • manchmal mit Past Perfect Simple austauschbar
  • betont die Handlung bzw. Dauer der Handlung
for, since, the whole day, all day
Future I Simple(will)
Futur I
Zukunft
P: He will speak.
N: He will not speak.
F: Will he speak?
  • nicht beeinflussbares Geschehen in der Zukunft
  • spontaner Entschluss
  • Vermutungen hinsichtlich der Zukunft
in a year, next …, tomorrow
If-Satz Typ I (If you ask her, she will help you.)
Vermutung: I think, probably, perhaps
Future I Simple/(going to) P: He is going to speak.
N: He is not going to speak.
F: Is he going to speak?
  • bereits bestehende Absicht hinsichtlich der Zukunft
  • logische Schlussfolgerung hinsichtlich der Zukunft
in one year, next week, tomorrow
Future I Progressive/Verlaufsform des Futur
Verlaufsform der Zukunft
P: He will be speaking.
N: He will not be speaking.
F: Will he be speaking?
  • zu einem zukünftigen Zeitpunkt im Ablauf befindliche Handlungen
  • sichere oder selbstverständliche Handlungen
in one year, next week, tomorrow
Future II Simple/Futur II
vollendete Zukunft
P: He will have spoken.
N: He will not have spoken.
F: Will he have spoken?
  • Handlung, die zu einem zukünftigen Zeitpunkt abgeschlossen sein wird
by Monday, in a week
Future II Progressive/Verlaufsform des Futur II
Verlaufsform der vollendeten Zukunft
P: He will have been speaking.
N: He will not have been speaking.
F: Will he have been speaking?
  • Handlung, die zu einem zukünftigen Zeitpunkt abgeschlossen sein wird
  • betont die Dauer der Handlung
for …, the last couple of hours, all day long

Quantifiers

Sometimes we use a quantifier in the place of a determiner:

Most children start school at the age of five.
We ate some bread and butter.
We saw lots of birds.

We use these quantifiers with both count and uncount nouns:

 

all any enough less a lot of lots of
more most no none of some

 

and some more colloquial forms:

 

plenty of heaps of a load of loads of tons of  etc.

 

Some quantifiers can be used only with count nouns:

 

both each either (a) few fewer neither several

 

and some more colloquial forms:

 

a couple of hundreds of thousands of etc.

 

 

Some quantifiers can be used only with uncount nouns:

 

a little (not) much a bit of

 

And, particularly with abstract nouns such as time, money, trouble, etc:, we often use:

 

a great deal of a good deal of

(to) infinitive

nach: the first Gagarin was the first to fly in a spaceship.
Gagarin war der erste, der in einem Raumschiff flog.
the last Peter was the last to watch the film.
Peter war der letzte, der den Film sah.
the next He is the next to get his passport.
Er ist der nächste, der seinen Ausweis bekommt.

 

nach: Adjektiven I’m happy to be here.
Ich bin froh, hier zu sein.
It’s better not to smoke.
Es ist besser, nicht zu rauchen.

 

nach: bestimmten Verben
(agree, choose, forget, hope, learn, promise, regret*, want, …)
I learn to drive a car.
Ich lerne Autofahren.

 

nach: Fragewörtern I don’t know what to say.
Ich weiß nicht, was ich sagen soll.
Can you tell me how to get to the bus stop?
Kannst du mir sagen, wie ich zur Bushaltestelle komme?

 

nach: want/would like I want you to help me.
Ich möchte, dass du mir hilfst.

 

Verb + Objekt + to-infinitive I helped my dad to clean the car.
Ich habe meinem Vater geholfen, das Auto sauber zu machen.

ACHTUNG!!!

I want to help you. I want you to help me.
Ich möchte dir helfen. Ich möchte, dass du mir hilfst.

Passive

 

 

Formation

rigth form of to be + past participle

 

If you want to make an active sentence to a passive sentence, you have to observe:

- the subject from the active sentence turns to the object from the passive sentence

- The object from the active sentence turns to the subject from the passive sentence

 

Examples:

 

Tense

Active

Passive

Simple present

I make a cupcake.

A cupcake is made  by  me

Simple past

I made a cupcake.

A cupcake was made by me.

Present perfect

I have made a cupcake.

A cupcake has been made by me

Will-future

I will make a cupcake.

A cupcake will be made by me.

Auxiliary verbs (Hilfsverben)

I would make a cupcake.

A cupcake would be made by me.

MIND THE BACKSHIFT OF TENSES!!!

Auxilary verbs e.g.:

can , would , must , may , have , able

 

 

Using the passive:

-To emphasize the action rather than the actor

-To keep the subject and focus consistent throughout a passage

-To be tactful by not naming the actor

-To describe a condition in which the actor is unknown or unimportant

-To create an authoritative tone

QUIZ :

Put the active sentences into passive sentences

1. My mother cleans the bathroom.

2. Yesterday, I downloaded a new App.

3. He likes and comments her Photo on Facebook.

Put the passive sentences into active sentence

1. The book was red by a student.

2. The strawberries were picked up by many children.

3. Whats App was bought by Facebook for 19 million dollars.

by Kevin, Clara, Julia and Emma